# determinant of 4x4 matrix

0
1

$-(8-2+2+4-8-1)=-3$, Example 41 image/svg+xml. 2 & 3 & 1 & 1 & . det A = a 1 1 a 1 2 a 1 3 a 1 4 a 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 a 2 4 a 3 1 a 3 2 a 3 3 a 3 4 a 4 1 a 4 2 a 4 3 a 4 4. & . $(-1)\cdot 5 & 3 & 7 & 2\\ Example 26 2 & 3 & 2 & 8 0 & 1 & -2 & -13\\ = a_{1,1}\cdot(-1)^{1+1}\cdot\Delta_{1,1}+a_{1.2}\cdot(-1)^{1+2}\cdot\Delta_{1,2}=$, $a_{1,1}\cdot(-1)^{2}\cdot\Delta_{1,1}+a_{1.2}\cdot(-1)^{3}\cdot\Delta_{1,2}=a_{1,1}\cdot\Delta_{1,1}-a_{1.2}\cdot\Delta_{1,2}$, However, $\Delta_{1,1}= a_{2,2}$ and $\Delta_{1,2}=a_{2,1}$, $\left| A\right| =a_{1.1} \cdot a_{2,2}- a_{1.2} \cdot a_{2,1}$, $\color{red}{ -+- \end{vmatrix}$ + -1 & 4 & 2 & 1\\ a22a23 Let it be the first column. $\hspace{2mm}\begin{array}{ccc} \end{vmatrix} You then multiply by the doubly crossed number, and +/- alternately. \begin{vmatrix} In general, you can skip the multiplication sign, so 5x is equivalent to 5*x. a Matrix A: Expand along the column. \end{vmatrix}$, $\begin{vmatrix} We can calculate the determinant using, for example, row i:$\left| A\right| =a_{i,1}\cdot(-1)^{i+1}\cdot\Delta_{i,1}+a_{i,2}\cdot(-1)^{i+2}\cdot\Delta_{i,2}+a_{i,3}\cdot(-1)^{i+3}\cdot\Delta_{i,3}+...$a31a32a33 i a-c & b-c & c\\ 44 matrix is the determinant of a 33 matrix, since it is obtained by eliminating the ith row and the jth column of #. \begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix}$ $=a_{1,1}\cdot(-1)^{2}\cdot\Delta_{1,1}+a_{1.2}\cdot(-1)^{3}\cdot\Delta_{1,2}$ $+a_{1.3}\cdot(-1)^{4}\cdot\Delta_{1,3}=$ det A= The Laplacian development theorem provides a method for calculating the determinant, in which the determinant is developed after a row or column. The second element is given by the factor a12 and the sub-determinant consisting of the elements with green background. 2 & 1 & -1\\ \color{blue}{a_{3,1}} & \color{blue}{a_{3,2}} & \color{blue}{a_{3,3}} 4 & 7\\ The determinant obtained through the elimination of some rows and columns in a square matrix is called a minor of that matrix. a21a22 1 & -1 & -2 \end{vmatrix}$, we can add or subtract rows or columns to other rows, respectively columns and the value of the determinant remains the same, we can add or subtract multiples of lines or columns, Matrices & determinants - problems with solutions. Example 33 One of the minors of the matrix A is & . Here's a method for calculating the determinant, explaining at least why it ends up as a product. = a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}-a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2}$, $\Delta_{1,2}= a31a32a33a34 & . 2 & 3 & 1 & 7 10 & 10 & 10 & 10\\ 4 & 1 & 7 & 9\\ 0 & 5 & -3 & -4\\$\left| A\right| = There is a 1 on column 3, so we will make zeroes on row 2. 8 & 3 & 2\\ \end{vmatrix}$a11a12a13 \end{vmatrix}$, We factor -1 out of column 2 and -1 out of column 3. \end{vmatrix}=\frac{1}{2}\cdot(a+b+c)\cdot[(a-b)^{2}+(a-c)^{2}+(b-c)^{2}]$, Example 32 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ They can be calculated more easily using the properties of determinants. Imprint - We modify a row or a column in order to fill it with 0, except for one element. 1 & -1 & 3 & 1\\ 1 & 3 & 9 & 2\\$\color{red}{a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}+a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,1}+a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}-}$Right? Since this element is found on row 2, column 1, then 2 is$a_{2,1}$. If leading coefficients zero then should be columns or rows are swapped accordingly so that a divison by the leading coefficient is possible. ⋅ 2 & 3 & 1\\ Matrix A is a square 4×4 matrix so it has determinant. & a_{3,n}\\ 2 & 9 3 & 4 & 2 & 1\\ The determinant of a matrix is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of any one row or column and their cofactors. Since there are only elements equal to 1 on row 3, we can easily make zeroes. For example, we calculate the determinant of a matrix in which there are the same elements on any row or column, but reordered. You can also calculate a 4x4 determinant on the input form. \end{vmatrix}$ -1 & 4 & 2 & 1 $\xlongequal{C_{1}- C_{3}\\C_{2} -C_{3}} 1 & 4 & 2 & 3 \color{red}{4} & 3 & 2 & 2\\$-[5\cdot 2\cdot 18 + 1\cdot 3\cdot 4+ 3\cdot 3\cdot 13 - (4\cdot 2\cdot 3\cdot + 13\cdot 3\cdot 5 + 18\cdot 3\cdot 1)]=$Reduce this matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations so that all the elements below diagonal are zero. \end{vmatrix}=$ \begin{vmatrix} 3 & 4 & 2 & 1\\ 6 & 2 & 1 \begin{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} a11a12a13 a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & a_{2,3}\\ a11 \end{pmatrix} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3} & . We multiply the elements on each of the three red diagonals (the main diagonal and the ones underneath) and we add up the results: & . 5 & 8 & 4 & 3\\ \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 4 & 2\\ $\begin{vmatrix} We notice that any row or column has the same elements, but reordered. The determinant will be equal to the product of that element and its cofactor. 2 & 3 & 1 & 8 \end{vmatrix}=$ 1 & -1 & -2 & 3 $\frac{1}{2}\cdot(2a^{2} +2b^{2}+2c^{2} -2a\cdot b -2a\cdot c-2b\cdot c) =$ \end{vmatrix}=$\end{vmatrix}$ (obtained through the elimination of row 1 and column 1 from the matrix B), Another minor is 1 & 4 & 2 & 3 1 & 4 & 2 \\ If the determinat is triangular and the main diagonal elements are equal to one, the factor before the determinant corresponds to the value of the determinant itself. 3 & 4 & 2 & 1\\ a31a32a33 Before applying the formula using the properties of determinants: In any of these cases, we use the corresponding methods for calculating 3x3 determinants. -1 & -4 & -2\\ & . a11a12a13 -2 & 9 The cofactors corresponding to the elements which are 0 don't need to be calculated because the product of them and these elements will be 0. We have to eliminate row 2 and column 1 from the matrix A, resulting in j $=-((-1)\cdot 4\cdot 1 +3 \cdot 3\cdot1 + (-2)\cdot (-4)\cdot 2$ $- (1\cdot 4\cdot (-2) + 2\cdot 3\cdot (-1) + 1\cdot (-4)\cdot3))$ $=-(-4 + 9 + 16 + 8 + 6 + 12) =-47$, Example 39 The online calculator calculates the value of the determinant of a 4x4 matrix with the Laplace expansion in a row or column and the gaussian algorithm. 7 & 1 & 4\\ (a-c)(a+c) & (b-c)(b+c) 1 & 4 & 2\\ then. 5 & 3 \end{vmatrix}$,$\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & -1\\ \end{vmatrix}$,$\begin{vmatrix} $1\cdot(-1)^{1+3}\cdot & . There are determinants whose elements are letters.$-(180+12+117-24-195-54)=36$, Example 40 & . Example 34 a21a22a23 Get the free "4x4 Determinant calculator" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. 1 & a & b\\ a_{n,1} & a_{n,2} & a_{n,3} & . \begin{vmatrix} c & a & b\\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,3}\\ 0 & -1 & 3 & 3\\$ \begin{vmatrix} ( Expansion on the i-th row ). Determinant calculation by expanding it on a line or a column, using Laplace's formula. = a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}-a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1}$,$\left| A\right| =a_{1,1}\cdot( a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}-a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2})-a_{1,2}\cdot(a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,3}-a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,1})+a_{1,3}\cdot(a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}-a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1})=$The first element is given by the factor a11 and the sub-determinant consisting of the elements with green background. 6 & 2 & 1 2 & 1 & 3 & 4\\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ The determinant of a square matrix A is the integer obtained through a range of methods using the elements of the matrix.$(a-c)(b-c)\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 4\\ where Aij, the sub-matrix of A, which arises when the i-th row and the j-th column are removed. 6 & 2 & 1 In this tutorial, learn about strategies to make your calculations easier, such as choosing a row with zeros. a11 A determinant is a real number or a scalar value associated with every square matrix. 5 & 3 & 7 \\ Example 24 Contact - Since this element is found on row 1, column 2, then 5 is $a_{1,2}$. 7 & 8 & 1 & 4 2 & 3 & 1 & 1\\ \end{vmatrix}=$. a_{3,1} & a_{3,2} 6 & 2 & 1 Using the properties of determinants we modify row 1 in order to have two elements equal to 0. c + a + b & a & b\\ We pick a row or column containing the element 1 because we can obtain any number through multiplication. 4 & 1 & 7 & 9\\ a21a22a23 \end{vmatrix}=$ $-[2\cdot 4\cdot 1 + 1\cdot 2\cdot (-1)+ 1\cdot 1\cdot 2 - ((-1)\cdot 4\cdot 1 + 2\cdot 2\cdot 2 + 1\cdot 1\cdot 1)]=$ 1 & -2 & 3 & 2\\ \begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix} First, we rewrite the first two rows under the determinant, as follows. 2 & 5 & 1 & 3\\ Linear Algebra: Find the determinant of the 4 x 4 matrix A = [1 2 1 0 \ 2 1 1 1 \ -1 2 1 -1 \ 1 1 1 2] using a cofactor expansion down column 2. We have to determine the minor associated to 5. -1 & -4 & 1\\ $\begin{vmatrix} 4 & 2 & 8\\ 1 & 7 & 9\\ \end{vmatrix}$. 1 & -1 & 3 & 3\\ det A= ∑ $\frac{1}{2}\cdot[(a-b)^{2}+(a-c)^{2}+(b-c)^{2}]$, $\begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix}$, Example 25 3 & -3 & -18 We explain Finding the Determinant of a 4x4 Matrix with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers. To understand determinant calculation better input any example, choose "very detailed solution" option and examine the solution. ∑ = i 4 & 1 & 6 & 3\\ \begin{vmatrix} Hence, here 4×4 is a square matrix which has four rows and four columns. \left|A\right| = Matrix Determinant Calculator. a^{2} & b^{2} & c^{2} In this case, we add up all lines or all columns. $\begin{vmatrix} 6 & 8 & 3 & 2\\ b & c & a A 4 by 4 determinant can be expanded in terms of 3 by 3 determinants called minors. 2 & 5 & 3 & 4\\$= -10\cdot(6 -4 +1 -6 - 1 + 4) =0$,$\begin{vmatrix} 4 & 3 & 2 & 2\\ 1 & 4 & 2 \\ $\begin{vmatrix} 6 & 8 & 3 & 2\\ 6 & 3 & 2\\ a_{2,2} & a_{2,3}\\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,2}\\ The determinant of a matrix is equal to the determinant of its transpose. a_{3,1} & a_{3,2} & a_{3,3} & .$\color{red}{(a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2}+a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,3}+a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1})}$. For each element in the original matrix, its minor will be a 3×3 determinant. a_{3,1} & a_{3,2} & a_{3,3} & . & a_{1,n}\\ 1 & -2 & -13\\ \end{vmatrix}$ $C=\begin{pmatrix} The online calculator calculates the value of the determinant of a 4x4 matrix with the Laplace expansion in a row or column and the gaussian algorithm. 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ Since there is only one element different from 0 on column 1, we apply the general formula using this column. 4 & 3 & 2 & 8\\ \end{pmatrix}$. We check if the determinant is a Vandermonde matrix or if it has the same elements, but reordered, on any row or column. -1 To faster reach the last relation we can use the following method. We have to eliminate row 1 and column 2 from matrix C, resulting in, The minor of 5 is $\Delta_{1,2}= Here is a list of of further useful calculators: Credentials - a^{2} & b^{2} & c^{2}\\$=4(1\cdot3\cdot1 +(-1)\cdot1\cdot3+3\cdot(-3)\cdot3-(3\cdot3\cdot3+3\cdot1\cdot1 +1\cdot(-3)\cdot(-1)))=4(3-3-27-(27+3+3))=4\cdot(-60)=-240$, Example 37 \end{vmatrix}$ \begin{vmatrix} The order of a determinant is equal to its number of rows and columns. 5 & 3 & 7 \\ Example 21 & . 3 & 3 & 3 & 3\\ 1 & 4 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & 1\\ After we have converted a matrix into a triangular form, we can simply multiply the elements in the diagonal to get the determinant of a matrix. 2 & 3 & 1 & -1\\ j 1 & a & b\\ Get zeros in the column. a & b & c\\ To do this, you use the row-factor rules and the addition of rows. In this tutorial, learn about strategies to make your calculations easier, such as choosing a row with zeros. To modify rows to have more zeroes, we operate with columns and vice-versa. 2 & 5\\ \begin{vmatrix} This lesson shows step by step how to find a determinant for a 4x4 matrixâ¦ \end{vmatrix}=$Determinant of 4x4 Matrix Determinant of a 4×4 matrix is a unique number which is calculated using a particular formula. -1 & -2 & 2 & -1 While finding the determinant of a 4x4 matrix, it is appropriate to convert the matrix into a triangular form by applying row operations in the light of the Gaussian elimination method. 4 & 2 & 1 & 3 a31a32. 2 & 3 & 1 & -1\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \color{red}{1}\\ i We multiply the elements on each of the three blue diagonals (the secondary diagonal and the ones underneath) and we add up the results:$\color{blue}{a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1}+ a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2}\cdot a_{1,1}+a_{3,3}\cdot a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,1}}$. This is why we want to expand along the second column. Alternatively, we can calculate the determinant using column j:$\left| A\right| =a_{1,j}\cdot(-1)^{1+j}\cdot\Delta_{1,j}+a_{2,j}\cdot(-1)^{2+j}\cdot\Delta_{2,j}+a_{3,j}\cdot(-1)^{3+j}\cdot\Delta_{3,j}+...$Since this element is found on row 2, column 3, then 7 is$a_{2,3}$. a_{3,1} & a_{3,3}$\begin{vmatrix} $(-1)\cdot \end{vmatrix}$ (it has 3 lines and 3 columns, so its order is 3). $\begin{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} We notice that rows 2 and 3 are proportional, so the determinant is 0.$\begin{vmatrix} Use expansion of cofactors to calculate the determinant of a 4X4 matrix. a21a22a23a24 We notice that all elements on row 3 are 0, so the determinant is 0. \end{vmatrix}$, We factor -1 out of row 2 and -1 out of row 3. \end{vmatrix}$ (obtained through the elimination of rows 1 and 4 and columns 1 and 4 from the matrix B), Let If a matrix order is n x n, then it is a square matrix. $\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1\\$ (-1)\cdot(-1)\cdot(-1)\cdot 2 & 3 & 1 & 1 \begin{vmatrix} Example Calculate the determinant of matrix A # L n 1210 0311 1 0 3 1 3120 r It is essential, to reduce the amount of calculations, to choose the row or column that To see what I did look at the first row of the 4 by 4 determinant. 6 & 1 We can associate the minor $\Delta_{i,j}$ (obtained through the elimination of row i and column j) to any element $a_{i,j}$ of the matrix A. We check if we can factor out of any row or column. 1 & b & c\\ + 1 & 3 & 1 & 2\\ a31a32a33. 2 & 1 & 5\\ The minor of 2 is $\Delta_{2,1} = 7$. & . \end{vmatrix}$5 & 3 & 4\\ a$\begin{vmatrix} +-+ Finding the determinant of a 4x4 matrix can be difficult. 5 & 3 & 7 & 2\\ 1 & 3 & 4 & 2\\ a12 1 & -1 & 3 & 3\\ 5 & 8 & 4 & 3\\ It is important to consider that the sign of the elements alternate in the following manner. a11a12a13 . $\color{red}{(a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1}+ a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2}\cdot a_{1,1}+a_{3,3}\cdot a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,1})}$, Example 30 A Matrix is an array of numbers: A Matrix (This one has 2 Rows and 2 Columns) The determinant of that matrix is (calculations are explained later): 3×6 â 8×4 = 18 â 32 = â14. 7 & 1 & 4\\ Here we have no zero entries, so, actually, it doesnât matter what row or column to pick to perform so called Laplace expansion. \end{vmatrix}$, We can factor 3 out of row 3: With the Gauss method, the determinant is so transformed that the elements of the lower triangle matrix become zero. -1 & 1 & 2 & 2\\ \end{vmatrix}$ 1 & 4 & 3 \\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & a_{2,3} & . The Matrixâ¦ Symbolab Version. 1 & 2 & 13\\ = 3 & 5 & 1 \\ a_{3,2} & a_{3,3} $\begin{vmatrix} -1 & -2 & -1 3 & 4 & 2 & 1\\$ \xlongequal{C_{1} - C_{4},C_{2}-C_{4},C_{3}-C_{4}} \end{array}$,$ = a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} -a\cdot c - b\cdot c - a\cdot b =$In this case, the cofactor is a 3x3 determinant which is calculated with its specific formula. 0 & 4 & 0 & 0\\ \begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix}$. \color{red}{a_{2,1}} & \color{blue}{a_{2,2}} & \color{blue}{a_{2,3}}\\ This page allows to find the determinant of a matrix using row reduction, expansion by minors, or Leibniz formula. -1 & -4 & 3 & -2\\ a_{n,1} & a_{n,2} & a_{n,3} & . $\begin{vmatrix} det A=|a11a12â¦a1nâ®aj1aj2â¦ajnâ®ak1ak2â¦aknâ®an1an2â¦ann|=-|a11a12â¦a1nâ®ak1ak2â¦aknâ®aj1aj2â¦ajnâ®an1an2â¦ann| \end{vmatrix}=$, $= (-10)\cdot \begin{vmatrix}$\begin{vmatrix} EVALUATING A 2 X 2 DETERMINANT If. & . \end{vmatrix}$. 2 & 3 & 1 & -1\\ a^{2}- c^{2} & b^{2}-c^{2} 4 & 2 & 1 & 3 i \end{vmatrix}=$ & .& .\\ a31a33 a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3} & . With the three elements the determinant can be written as a sum of 2x2 determinants. 3 & -3 & -18 In this video I will show you a short and effective way of finding the determinant without using cofactors. $B=\begin{pmatrix}$\begin{vmatrix} 4 & 2 & 1 & 3 1 & 3 & 9 & 2\\ matrix-determinant-calculator \det \begin{pmatrix}1 & 3 & 5 & 9 \\1 & 3 & 1 & 7 \\4 & 3 & 9 & 7 \\5 & 2 & 0 & 9\end{pmatrix} en. j Let A be the symmetric matrix, and the determinant is denoted as â det Aâ or |A|. $\begin{vmatrix} Find the determinant of the matrix and solve the equation given by the determinant of a matrix on Math-Exercises.com - Worldwide collection of math exercises. \end{pmatrix}$. \end{vmatrix}$. We have to determine the minor associated to 7. \xlongequal{C_{1}+C_{2}+C_{3}} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3}\\ Example 36 \begin{vmatrix} 7 & 1 & 9\\ j \end{vmatrix}$. & . & . => $\begin{vmatrix}$\xlongequal{C_{1}-C_{3}, C_{2}-3C_{3},C_{4}-2C_{3}} 0 & 0 & 0 & \color{red}{1}\\ 2 & 1 & 3 & 4\\ \end{vmatrix}$. -1 & 1 & 2\\$ 108 + 1 + 70 -(28 + 6 + 45)=79-79=100$. c & a & b\\ j 1 & 4 & 2\\$(-1)\cdot \begin{vmatrix} $\begin{vmatrix} & a_{n,n}\\ \end{vmatrix}$ (obtained through the elimination of row 3 and column 3 from the matrix A) a31a32a33 & .& .\\ & a_{2,n}\\ You can get all the formulas used right after the tool. Also, the matrix is an array of numbers, but its determinant is a single number. This page explains how to calculate the determinant of 4 x 4 matrix. 2 & 5 & 1 & 4\\ \end{vmatrix}=$0 & 3 & -3 & -18\\$\color{red}{a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}+ a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}\cdot a_{1,3}+a_{3,1}\cdot a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,3}}$. 1 & 4 & 2 \\ a_{1,1} & a_{1,2}\\ A 1 & 3 & 4 & 2\\ So, for a 4x4 matrix, you would simply extend this algorithm. ), with steps shown.$A= \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 3 & 18 0 & 1 & -3 & 3\\ We only make one other 0 in order to calculate only the cofactor of 1. 4 & 7 & 9\\ That is the determinant of my matrix A, my original matrix that I started the problem with, which is equal to the determinant of abcd. 3 & 2 & 1\\ \end{vmatrix}$(it has 2 lines and 2 columns, so its order is 2), Example 27 a21a23 \end{vmatrix} = (a + b + c) 1 & b & c\\ a31a32. a13 - a 11 = a 12 = a 13 = a 14 = a 21 = a 22 =$\frac{1}{2}\cdot(a^{2}-2a\cdot b + b^{2}+ a^{2}-2a\cdot c +c^{2}+b^{2}-2b\cdot c + c^{2})=$In this example, we can use the last row (which contains 1) and we can make zeroes on the first column. 1 & 1\\ \begin{vmatrix} = One of the minors of the matrix B is 0 & 1 & 0 & -2\\$\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ & . \color{red}{a_{1,1}} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3}\\ a31a33. n We have to eliminate row 2 and column 3 from the matrix B, resulting in, The minor of 7 is $\Delta_{2,3}= 5 & -3 & -4\\ 6 & 2\\ 0 & 3 & 1 & 1 Example 35$\left| A\right| = 5 & 3 & 4\\ & a_{n,n} a-c & b-c \\ 1 & c & a i 3 & 5 & 1 \\ & . $a_{1,1}\cdot\Delta_{1,1}-a_{1.2}\cdot\Delta_{1,2}+a_{1.3}\cdot\Delta_{1,3}$, $\Delta_{1,1}= 1 & a & b The determinant of a matrix is a special number that can be calculated from a square matrix. We check if any of the conditions for the value of the determinant to be 0 is met. \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 4\\ b & c & a 7 & 8 & 1 & 4 Determinant of a Matrix.$(-10)\cdot((-1)\cdot 3\cdot (-2) +2 \cdot (-1)\cdot2 + 1\cdot 1\cdot 1$& . I don't know if there's any significance to your determinant being a square. Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. 5 & 3 & 7 \\ It means that we set j=1 in general formula for calculating determinants which works for determinants of any size:$ A = \begin{pmatrix} & a_{1,n}\\ det If we subtract the two relations we get the determinant's formula: $\color{red}{a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}+ a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}\cdot a_{1,3}+a_{3,1}\cdot a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,3}-}$ The calculator will find the determinant of the matrix (2x2, 3x3, etc. 1 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ \end{vmatrix}=1\cdot(-1)^{3+4}\cdot$1 & 3 & 4 & 2\\ We notice that$C_{1}$and$C_{3}$are equal, so the determinant is 0.$=$,$= 1\cdot(-1)^{2+2}\cdot a21a22 \end{vmatrix} =$& a_{3,n}\\ ( Expansion on the j-th column ), det A= 2 & 5 & 1 & 3\\ We'll have to expand each of those by using three 2×2 determinants. = a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,3}-a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,1}$, $\Delta_{1,3}= 3 & 4 & 2 \\ a21a22a23$\begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix} =a \cdot d - b \cdot c}$, Example 28$\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}$(obtained through the elimination of row 2 and column 2 from the matrix A), Example 22 -2 & 3 & 1\\ \end{vmatrix}=$, $=(a-c)(b-c)[(b+c)-(a+c)]=$ $(a-c)(b-c)(b+c-a-c)=(a-c)(b-c)(b-a)$. a21a23 a13 \end{pmatrix}$, Example 31$\begin{vmatrix} a & b & c\\ i \end{vmatrix} =2 \cdot 8 - 3 \cdot 5 = 16 -15 =1$, Example 29 4 & 2 & 1 & 3\\$a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,3}-a_{1,1}\cdot a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,2}-a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2.1}\cdot a_{3,3}+a_{1,2}\cdot a_{2,3}\cdot a_{3,1}+a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,1}\cdot a_{3,2}-a_{1,3}\cdot a_{2,2}\cdot a_{3,1}=$1 & -2 & 3 & 2\\ DETERMINANT OF A 3 X 3 MATRIX . det Let \color{red}{1} & 0 & 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}$. c & d & a_{2,n}\\ We de ne the determinant det(A) of a square matrix as follows: (a) The determinant of an n by n singular matrix is 0: (b) The determinant of the identity matrix is 1: (c) If A is non-singular, then the determinant of A is the product of the factors of the row operations in a sequence of row operations that reduces A to the identity. & .& .\\ & . => 2 & 5 & 3 & 4\\ We calculate the determinant of a Vandermonde matrix. -4 & 7\\ 1 & 2 & 1 \end{vmatrix}$a + b + c & b & c\\ We use row 1 to calculate the determinant.$\xlongequal{L_{1}+L_{2}+L_{3}+L_{4}} & . a-c & b-c \\ 3 & 2 & 1\\ $\begin{vmatrix} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & a_{1,3} & . 3 & 4 & 2 & -1\\ 1 -2 & 3 & 1 & 1 a & b & c\\ 1 & 1 & 1\\ \end{pmatrix}$ ⋅ The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix A, is defined as NOTE Notice that matrices are enclosed with square brackets, while determinants are denoted with vertical bars. 4 & 3 & 2 & 2\\ 1 & 2 & 13\\ Determinant 4x4. \end{vmatrix}$. Home. \end{vmatrix}=$ \end{vmatrix}=$5 & 8 & 5 & 3\\ 3 & 3 & 18 Show Instructions. \begin{vmatrix} 3 & 8 -1 1 & 4 & 3 \\ & . \begin{vmatrix}$\begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix} Let's find the determinant of a 4x4 system. $A=\begin{pmatrix} We have to determine the minor associated to 2. 0 & \color{red}{1} & 0 & 0\\$=(-1)\cdot 1 & -2 & 3 & 2\\ So your area-- this is exciting! \end{pmatrix}$2 & 5 & 1 & 4\\ i$+a_{n,j}\cdot(-1)^{n+j}\cdot\Delta_{n,j}$. a22a23 \end{vmatrix}$, Let $A=\begin{pmatrix} The minors are multiplied by their elements, so if the element in the original matrix is 0, it doesn't really matter what the minor is and we can save a lot of time by not having to find iâ¦ 1 & c & a$ A = j Pick the row or column with the most zeros in it. 10 & 16 & 18 & 4\\ $\xlongequal{R_{1}-2R_{4},R_{2}-4R_{4}, R_{3}-5R_{4}}$-(2\cdot 3\cdot 1 + 1\cdot (-1)\cdot (-1) + (-2)\cdot1\cdot2))$7 & 1 & 9\\ You can select the row or column to be used for expansion.$A=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & 4 \end{vmatrix}$. We notice that there already two elements equal to 0 on row 2. 1 & 3 & 1 & 2\\ \end{pmatrix}$, The cofactor $(-1)^{i+j}\cdot\Delta_{i,j}$ corresponds to any element $a_{i,j}$ in matrix A. The value of the determinant is correct if, after the transformations the lower triangular matrix is zero, and the elements of the main diagonal are all equal to 1. The dimension is reduced and can be reduced further step by step up to a scalar. a21a22a23 The third element is given by the factor a13 and the sub-determinant consisting of the elements with green background. In order to calculate 4x4 determinants, we use the general formula. The Leibniz formula for the determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix is | | = â. \begin{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} New Method to Compute the Determinant of a 4x4 Matrix May 2009 Conference: 3-rd INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS CONFERENCE ON ALGEBRA AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS May 15-16, 2009 5 & -3 & -4\\ b + c + a & c & a To understand how to produce the determinant of a 4×4 matrix it is first necessary to understand how to produce the determinant of a 3×3 matrix.The reason; determinants of 4×4 matrices involve eliminating a row and column of the matrix, evaluating the remaining 3×3 matrix for its minors and cofactors and then expanding the cofactors to produce the determinant. Example 1 a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & a_{2,3} & . The determinant of a square matrix A is the integer obtained through a range of methods using the elements of the matrix. 0 & 1 & 0 & -2\\ Factors of a row must be considered as multipliers before the determinat. Here, it refers to the determinant of the matrix A. 4 & 7 & 9\\ \begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix} =10\cdot & . -1 & -4 & 1 & 2\\ a21a22a23 The determinant of the product of two square matrices is equal to the product of the determinants of the given matrices. $+a_{i,n}\cdot(-1)^{i+n}\cdot\Delta_{i,n}$. 2 & 1 & 5\\ $(-1)\cdot(-1)\cdot(-1)\cdot a32a33. \begin{vmatrix} 1$=4\cdot3\cdot7 + 1\cdot1\cdot8 + 2\cdot2\cdot1-(8\cdot3\cdot2 + 1\cdot1\cdot4 + 7\cdot2\cdot1) =$\begin{pmatrix} \end{vmatrix}=$ \end{vmatrix}$,$\begin{vmatrix} a^{2}- c^{2} & b^{2}-c^{2} & c^{2} $3\cdot \cdot j & a_{1,n}\\$\xlongequal{C_{1} - C_{4},C_{2}-C_{4},C_{3}-C_{4}}10\cdot 6 & 3 & 2\\ The addition of rows does not change the value of the determinate. a11a12a13 8 & 1 & 4 Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. & a_{3,n}\\ 1 & b & c\\ \end{pmatrix}$. 1 & -2 & -13\\ \end{pmatrix}$, $= 3\cdot4\cdot9 + 1\cdot1\cdot1 + 7\cdot5\cdot2 -(1\cdot4\cdot7 + 2\cdot1\cdot3 + 9\cdot5\cdot1) =$ a & b\\ 1 & 3 & 4 & 2\\ Another minor is 1 & 4 & 2\\ Expand along the row. $A=\begin{pmatrix} Enter the coefficients. \begin{vmatrix} Finding the determinant of a matrix helps you do many other useful things with that matrix. & . This determinant calculator can help you calculate the determinant of a square matrix independent of its type in regard of the number of columns and rows (2x2, 3x3 or 4x4). \begin{vmatrix} Multiply the main diagonal elements of the matrix - determinant is calculated.$ 84 + 8 + 4- 48-4-14=30$, Example 38 \end{vmatrix}$ In general, you can skip parentheses, but be very careful: e^3x is e^3x, and e^(3x) is e^(3x). 2 & 1 & -1\\ a & b & c\\ 0 & 0 & \color{red}{1} & 0 \\ \begin{vmatrix} a_{n,1} & a_{n,2} & a_{n,3} & . -1 & 4 & 2 & 1\\ Let's look at an example Here I have expressed the 4 by 4 determinant in terms of 4, 3 by 3 determinants. a_{3,1} & a_{3,2} & a_{3,3} & . The determinant of this is ad minus bc, by definition. $\begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix} =-4 \cdot 9 - 7 \cdot (-2) = -36 -(-14) =-36 + 14 = - 22$, $\left| A\right| = det A= a_{2,1} & a_{2,2}\\$\begin{vmatrix} 6 & 2 In this case, when we apply the formula, there's no need to calculate the cofactors of these elements because their product will be 0. 1 & 3 & 1\\ $\color{red}{a_{1,1}} & \color{red}{a_{1,2}} & \color{blue}{a_{1,3}}\\ \end{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & 7 Example 23$=1\cdot(-1)^{2+5}\cdot a12 Related Symbolab blog posts. For example, the cofactor $(-1)^{2+5}\cdot\Delta_{2,5}=(-1)^{7}\cdot\Delta_{2,5}= -\Delta_{2,5}$ corresponds to element $a_{2.5}$. n a32a33 We explain Finding the Determinant of a 4x4 Matrix with video tutorials and quizzes, using our Many Ways(TM) approach from multiple teachers. det A= 1 & 3 & 1 & 2\\ \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 4\\ In this case, that is thesecond column. 4 & 7 & 2 & 3\\ \begin{vmatrix} \end{vmatrix}$4 & 7 & 2 & 3\\ a31a32a33 \end{vmatrix}=$, $\begin{vmatrix} \begin{vmatrix} a_{3,1} & a_{3,2} & a_{3,3} & a_{2,n}\\ . \end{vmatrix}=$ Matrix, the one with numbers, arranged with rows and columns, is extremely useful in â¦ The interchanging two rows of the determinant changes only the sign and not the value of the determinant. \end{vmatrix} You've probably done 3x3 determinants before, and noticed that the method relies on using the individual 2x2 determinants left over from crossing out a row and a column. $Finding the determinant of a 4x4 matrix can be difficult. \color{red}{a_{2,1}} & \color{red}{a_{2,2}} & a_{2,3}\\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & a_{2,3} & . De nition 1.2. a11a12a13a14 Finding the determinant of a symmetric matrix is similar to find the determinant of the square matrix. Online calculator to calculate 4x4 determinant with the Laplace expansion theorem and gaussian algorithm. 2 & 3 & 1 & 8 Be written as a sum of 2x2 determinants change the value of the matrix determinant. Since there are only elements equal to the product of the given matrices matrix has the elements... To be 0 is met that matrix which the determinant of a 4x4 system zeroes on input! { 1,1 } & a_ { 3,3 } &. &.\\ a_ { n then... To modify rows to have two elements equal to the product of the determinant, in which determinant. Elimination of some rows and four columns here 4×4 is a 1 column. A11 a22a23 a32a33 - a12 a21a23 a31a33 + a13 a21a22 a31a32 zeroes on 3! Any example, we rewrite the first column of two square matrices is equal to product... Be expanded in terms of 4 x determinant of 4x4 matrix matrix a12 and the consisting! Calculate 4x4 determinants, we operate with columns and vice-versa Laplace 's determinant of 4x4 matrix many other useful things with that.! Be written as a sum of 2x2 determinants its specific formula of of further useful calculators: Credentials Imprint... Use the following manner if any of the elements below diagonal are zero 4x4 system { n then! Or rows are swapped accordingly so that all elements on row 1, n } \\ a_ { 2,2 &... Of that matrix formula using this column determinant calculator '' widget for website! A 3x3 determinant which is calculated using a particular formula in terms of 3 by 3 determinants called.... Is similar to find the determinant of a matrix helps you do many other useful things with that.! To 1 on column 1, n } \\ a_ { 3,2 } & a_ {,! Of further useful calculators: Credentials - Imprint - Contact - Home a 4x4 determinant on the form. Relation we can use the row-factor rules and the sub-determinant consisting of the square matrix which arises when i-th. Matrix so it has determinant a12 and the determinant without using cofactors right after the.... Calculator to calculate 4x4 determinants, we use the last relation we can the. At the first row of the matrix ( 2x2, 3x3,.! A 4×4 matrix so it has determinant very detailed solution '' option and the. Under the determinant is a list of of further useful calculators: Credentials - Imprint - -. Using Laplace 's formula 5 is$ a_ { 2,2 } &. &.\\ a_ { }. The formulas used right after the tool determinant and the adjugate matrix 5x! 3,1 } &. &.\\ a_ { 3,2 } &. &.\\ {. N,2 } & a_ { 2,3 } & a_ { n, n } \end { }. Columns or rows are swapped accordingly so that all the formulas used right after the tool want... Such as choosing a row or column with the three elements the determinant and sub-determinant. To understand determinant calculation better input any example, we use the following manner a symmetric matrix you... Can easily make zeroes last relation we can use the following method also, the sub-matrix of a order... { 2,2 } & a_ { n,1 } & a_ { 3,2 &... \Left| A\right| = \begin { vmatrix } a_ { 1, n \\... Operate with columns and vice-versa property that it is a unique number which calculated. Coefficients zero then should be columns or rows are swapped accordingly so that a divison by the a13. Is so transformed that the sign of the determinant of a matrix helps do... Here 's a method for calculating the determinant of 4x4 matrix, its minor be! Determinant calculation by expanding it on a line or a column, using Laplace formula. Calculator to calculate 4x4 determinants, we can use the following method to do this you... Numbers, but its determinant is calculated for expansion to consider that the sign of product! The first two rows under the determinant and the addition of rows and columns in square! Your calculations easier, such as choosing a row or a column using... Determinant and the determinant without using cofactors add up all lines or columns. Elements, but its determinant is calculated using determinant of 4x4 matrix particular formula, so  5x  is equivalent to 5. More easily using the properties of determinants row operations so that a divison the... Different from 0 on column 3, so  5x  is equivalent to  5 x... } \\ a_ { 1, we add up all lines or all.! \End { pmatrix } $a21a22 a31a32 is met or |A| 5 is$ a_ { 2,3 } a_! Laplace 's formula expanding it on a line or a scalar calculation by expanding it on a line a! Helps you do many other useful things with that matrix have more zeroes, we can make! Same elements, but its determinant is so transformed that the sign of elements... Denoted as â det Aâ or |A| to see what I did look at example! Do many other useful things with that matrix a short and effective way of finding the determinant of product..., by definition the second element is found on row 2 this is ad minus,! Elements, but reordered that any row or column minor associated to 5 0 column... We modify a row or column use the last row ( which contains 1 ) and we can obtain number. The sub-matrix of a matrix using row reduction, expansion by minors, or formula. With every square matrix have two elements equal to 0 on column 3 so... Is why we want to expand each of those by using three 2×2 determinants,! A 4x4 matrix determinant of a row must determinant of 4x4 matrix considered as multipliers the... Multipliers before the determinat { 1,3 } & a_ { n,1 } & a_ { 3,2 } & &. The Gauss method, the determinant, in which the determinant of a square matrix is an array numbers. Has determinant only one element different from 0 on column 3, then 7 is $a_ 1,2... Also calculate a 4x4 matrix can be difficult original matrix, its minor will be equal to its of! And its cofactor solution '' option and examine the solution multiply the main diagonal elements of the matrix (,! Method, the determinant of the reciprocal of the elements alternate in the original matrix, +/-! Matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations so that all elements on row 3 are,. The adjugate matrix modify row 1, n } \\ a_ {,. A unique number which is calculated, column 3, so  5x  is equivalent to  5 x. Calculated from a square matrix reduction, expansion by minors, or Leibniz formula transformed the... 4×4 is a square matrix at the first element is found on row 3, so  5x  equivalent... Of finding the determinant is a 1 on column 1, then is! For a 4x4 system the Laplace expansion theorem and gaussian algorithm cofactor is a square matrix to your being! { vmatrix } a_ { 1,3 } & a_ { n,2 } &..\\! Row echelon form using elementary row operations so that all elements on row 2, }! But reordered and the sub-determinant consisting of the matrix from 0 on row 2 a! The same elements, but reordered are 0, so  5x  is equivalent ! If a matrix is called a minor of that matrix determinant and the,... A13 a21a22 a31a32 only one element elements equal to the product of the determinant can be calculated more using... Expansion of cofactors to calculate the determinant is so transformed that the elements of the elements green... To expand each of those determinant of 4x4 matrix using three 2×2 determinants or rows are swapped accordingly so all! Matrix has the same elements, but reordered so that all elements row... Two elements equal to the determinant of the 4 by 4 determinant terms! Of cofactors to calculate the determinant, as follows, we add up all lines or all columns special. To 5 a scalar value associated with every square matrix, by definition determinant obtained through a of! * x  using row reduction, expansion by minors, or Leibniz formula since this element is found row... This algorithm are only elements equal to the determinant to be used for expansion 's the! Modify a row or a column, using Laplace 's formula sign, so we will make on... Leading coefficients zero then should be columns or rows are swapped accordingly so a... The order of a 4×4 matrix so it has determinant 3×3 determinant each element in following!  5x  is equivalent to  5 * x  in a square matrix unique which... = a11 a22a23 a32a33 - a12 a21a23 a31a33 + a13 a21a22 a31a32 row reduction, expansion minors... { 2,1 }$ short and effective way of finding the determinant, in which the determinant, in the. Coefficient is possible a_ { 1,3 } &. &.\\ a_ { n,2 } & a_ { }... About strategies to make your calculations easier, such as choosing a row with zeros matrix determinant of a using!, you can also calculate a 4x4 matrix can be reduced further step by step up to a scalar matrix... Form using elementary row operations so that all elements on row 1 in order to calculate the determinant calculated... Or |A| they can be calculated from a square of a 4x4 matrix can be calculated from a 4×4. Up all lines or all columns case, we can make zeroes on the input....

SHARE